Identity Crisis during Adolescence A period between the age of 11 to 19 years is referred to as the period of adolescence. During this period, adolescent often indulges in exploratory self-analysis and self-evaluation. He or she searches for his/her identity: “Who am I?”. Search of Identity in Adolescence:  This search involves new way of thinking about oneself which emerges during…

It is very important that all educational institutions must have Guidance and Counselling programmes. These programmes have the following functions:  (a) Assisting the student in self-understanding;  (b) Assisting him in making intelligent choices;  (c) Teaching the art of making adjustments in life. Present status of School Guidance & Counselling: Presently the guidance and counselling programmes are generally available to those…

Conception to Birth of a Child – Prenatal Period Prenatal period refers to the period from conception to the birth of a child. It starts with a male sex cell called 'sperm' entering the female sex cell called 'ovum’. Conception is the stage of fertilization of the ovum. Prenatal period is nine calendar months or ten lunar months of 28…

Solution-focused Counseling Solution focused counseling is a therapy which focuses on solution finding rather than looking at the history of the problem. Most of the other counseling techniques focus on problems and see the client as the creator of those problems. But solution-focused counseling takes a positive approach so far as the client is concerned, and puts emphasis on solution…

Cognitive Behaviour Modification Approach Cognitive Behavior Modification approach was propounded by Donald Meichenbaum. This approach aims at altering self-talk and life narrative to promote positive behavior.  A traditional example is of Amande who is a girl who was tormented with quilt and shame over being a victim of several years rape in her early teens. She again and again tells…

The purpose of measurement of intelligence or IQ is to find out individual differences in the general mental ability of different persons for a number of purposes like academic classification, occupational suitability and counselling etc. Intelligent test can be defined as a test to evaluate general level of cognitive functions and intellectual ability. To obtain an IQ score, the examiner…